How to Earn an Online Degree by Examination

Several websites have popped up recently claiming that students can earn a degree by taking tests or get their bachelors  degree in less than a year. Is the information theyre selling a scam? Not necessarily.It is true that experienced students and good test-takers may be able to earn legitimate online degrees quickly and primarily through test-taking. However, it isnt easy and its not always the most fulfilling way to experience college. This information isnt a secret and you shouldnt feel obliged to take out your credit card for details that are publicly available from the colleges themselves. Heres what you need to know: How Can I Earn a Degree by Examination? In order to test your way to a degree, you cant just sign up for any program. When planning your next steps, you will need to be particularly cautious to avoid diploma mills with unethical practices - even listing a diploma mill degree on your resume is a crime in some states. There are several regionally accredited online colleges that are competency-based and offer flexible ways for students to earn credit. By enrolling in one of these legitimate online colleges, you may be able to earn the majority of your credits by proving your knowledge through taking tests rather than completing coursework. Why Should I Earn a Degree by Examination? Testing out of college is probably a better choice for experienced adult learners rather than incoming freshmen. It might be right for you if you have a lot of knowledge but are being held back in your career due to the lack of a degree. If you are coming right out of high school, this course may be particularly challenging as the tests tend to be difficult and do require a substantial amount of studying for students that are new to a topic. What Are the Drawbacks? Earning an online degree by taking tests has some major drawbacks. In particular, students miss out on what some consider are the most important aspects of the college experience. When you take a test instead of a class, you miss out on interacting with a professor, networking with your peers, and learning as a part of a community. Additionally, the required tests are challenging and the unstructured nature of studying alone can lead many students to simply give up. In order to be successful with this approach, students need to be particularly driven and disciplined. What Kinds of Tests Can I Take? The tests that you take will depend on your colleges requirements. You may end up taking university tests monitored online, university tests monitored at a designated testing location (such as a local library), or external tests. External tests such as the College-Level Exam Program (CLEP) can help you bypass courses in specialized subjects such as U.S. History, Marketing, or College Algebra. These tests can be taken with proctored supervision at a variety of locations. What Kinds of Colleges Accept Test Scores? Keep in mind that many earn a degree fast and test out of college advertisements are scams. When choosing to earn a degree primarily through examination, it is essential that you enroll in a legitimate, accredited online college. The widest form of accreditation is regional accreditation. Accreditation from the Distance Education Training Council (DETC) is also gaining traction. Regionally accredited programs that are well-known for awarding credit by exam include: Thomas Edison State College, Excelsior College, Charter Oak State College, and Western Governors University. Are Degrees-By-Examination Considered Legitimate? If you choose an accredited online college, your degree should be considered legitimate by employers and other educational institutions. There should be no difference between the degree you earn through proving your knowledge through test taking and the degree another online student earns through coursework.

Essential Oils That Stop Cancer Essay - 1438 Words

â€Å"Essential Oils That Stop Cancer in Its Tracks† ESSENTIAL OILS - Natural oil typically obtained by nature by the process of distillation and they have the odor of the plant or other characteristic from which it is extracted. Researchers now realize the power of essential oils which can avoid dangerous cancer from spreading. Benefits of essential oil are no longer being doubted. These oils have been using by people around since the very beginning of time. From ancient time, these oils were used to treatment of diseases, detecting symptoms, and help people from long time illnesses. These oils are natural aromatic compounds found in the parts of plants and have miraculous medicinal properties. As doctors continue to focus on allopathic medicine and prescribing them only and due to this ancient traditions, and essential oils have lost their amazing popularity. But now scientist also believes in this fact that some essential oils are helpful for cancer treatment. Do you know human body has a frequency .If your body is healthy frequency lies between 62 to 78 MHz but when some disease attacking your body this frequency decreased to 58Hz. Some reports and studies show that when a man holds a cup of coffee his body frequency dropped from 58 MHz in just 3 seconds, it took 3 days to return to normal frequency. Some other studies also show that negative thoughts in mind also lowers the frequency 12 MHz, but when you think all positive things this frequency increased to10 MHzShow MoreRelatedThe Mortality Trend Of Breast Cancer811 Words   |  4 PagesEach person knows about Breast cancer these days, due to the fact that humankind witnesses countless organizations working for this sole purpose diligently every day. Periodically we meet or hear individuals struggling with this devastating category of cancer which is particularly prevalent in women. 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They  are prioritizing  the amount of  money being brought in over what the reality of their works is doing to their society.  Even when it came to the government s responses to how they are dealing with the issues, I could see that they are focused more on profiting from the oil industry instead of acknowledging the negative consequences that will build up over time. They need to reevaluate what their oil is doing toRead MoreClove is a renowned spice which is widely used in cuisines around the world. The natural end1300 Words   |  6 Pageswhich assist in the making of urea. It also helps the body get rid of fat and ensures the stability of the nervous system. 2. Anti-Viral and Anti-Bacterial Properties Clove portrays anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties. This means it puts a stop to a range of allergic conditions. Clove is a rich source of eugenol whose molecule contains methyl group (-CH3). Methane gas is poisonous in nature. 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International Integrated Reporting Council †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the International Integrated Reporting Council. Answer: Introduction: The report is prepared to demonstrate critical evaluation of usefulness of integrated reporting. Integrated reporting intends to promote corporate strategy by combining the reporting of non-financial and financial measures. Evaluation of integrated reporting usefulness to organization has been done by researching and evaluating journal articles relating to integrated reporting. The article that would form the basis of present report is stakeholder perspective from South Africa.It is the first country requiring integrated reporting on wider scale (Adams 2015).An integrated report is a platform of accurate communication about performance, strategy, performance and governance of organization that leads to creation of medium, short and long-term value. Integrate reporting has been made a requirement for all listed companies by Johannesburg securities exchange. It is predicted by analyst that there exist strong correlation between ability of business and its resilience to create value in short, long and medium term. In the initial phase with the introduction of integrated reporting, it was intended to communicate non-financial and financial information to range of stakeholders, but now it is more focused on investors of organization. Several ranges of benefits are provided by integrated reporting to providers of investment decisions or capita allocation and shareholders. The purpose of launching framework of integrated reporting is to reflect genuine challenges faced by organizations and making reporting by corporate more grounded and therefore they are considered useful to investors. Providers of financial capital are provided information about how value over time is created by organization (Barboz et al. 2013). With regard to adoption if global integrated reporting, South Africa has been one of leading countries. Call for creation of integrated reporting in South Africa evolved from inseparability of sustainability, strategy, performance and governance. A greater context of performance indicators should be provided by integrated reporting and such reporting standard should be capable of clarifying how relevant financial information fits into long term strategy of business and ultimately providing range of benefits of stakeholders. The continued development of South Africa is driven by stakeholder approach of King Reports. The introduction of new reporting standard has led to researcher focusing on well companies in nation is focusing on presenting their financial information in an integrated manner (Crowther 2016). However, companies witnessed various obstacles in releasing their integrated reporting despite of making good job in creating accessibility to such reporting. Such obstacles comp rised of few published example, limited guidance and eruption in uncertainty from potentially on conflicting guidance. Several researches in South Africa have gained little information whether such reporting standard have gained an understanding of financial information to stakeholders and how they are communicated to them. The role of early adopter of integrated reporting that is played by South Africa also comes with several challenges and it also depicts the perception of general public of financial reporting in country (Brown and Dillard 2014). It was inferred from some of research that investors do not rely much on using integrated reporting to make their investment decisions. A number of relevant an informed questions had been raised in the special edition of Auditing, Accounting and Accountability journal. A research agenda was laid out from perspective of accounting. It also involved comments on growing academic interest in academic research on integrated reporting and gaining of considerable prominence in since the IIRC (International Integrated reporting council) has been formed in 2010 (Zhou et al. 2017). From the current literature on integrated reporting, a number of themes can be identified. While integrating the political nature of standard setting, the emergence of integrated reporting was highlighted as fragile and complex relationship between the parties to the manifestation of its framework. It has been argued by authors that still prevails uncertainty in positioning of integrated reporting in the corporate reporting (de Villiers et al. 2014). South Africa has led the field in total number of integrated reporting that is being registered in database of GRI. It was because of requirement of all listed companies on their stock exchange to produce integrated report and because of mandating of King III. In recent years, some of the close runner of South Africa in publishing integrated report includes Brazil, Australia and Netherland (Dumay et al. 2016). The information based on database of GRI depicts some of sectors that are leading in experimenting with integrated reporting are energy utilities, financial services, mining and energy. Some other sectors would have perceived to double by the volume of financial services integrated report. Higher volume of financial services publishing self declared integrated reports are based in Australia, South Africa and Brazil and low number are based on USA and UK (Flower 2015). Results are more distributed in terms of utilities and energy. Companies in different countries have expressed their intention of publishing integrated reports because of number of reasons and they are listed below: Integration of financial report and corporate sustainability report in one single document that depicts cohesion between financial, operational and social actions. Integrated reporting intends to improve information quality that is available to financial capital providers enabling them to make a productive and efficient capital allocation. It seeks to promote understanding interdependencies between broad base of capitals such as manufactured, financial, social, human, and natural and relationship along with enhancing their stewardship and accountability. It assist organizations in building practice of financial, environmental, social, governance and sustainability reporting and making them well equipped with managing their brand, operations and stakeholders reputation and dealing with management of such risks that would lead to comprising of long-term sustainability of organization (Fras-Aceituno et al. 2013). Promoting an efficient and consistent approach to corporate reporting and providing platform for communicating full range of factors by which the organization ability to create value over time is affected. Meeting needs of stakeholders, avoiding of internal silos, strategic and natural fit and providing stakeholders with full information of reporting. Companies have been producing integrated report as it combines financial performance with information and data on social, environment and governance performance. Integrated reporting depicts information on non-financial key performance indicators (Garca?Snchez et al. 2017). Combing financial and non-financial performance along with sustainability measures undertaken by different companies. Perspective of integrated reporting: The concept of integrated reporting arrived due to recognition of importance of non-financial information to investors. Focus of integrated reporting for the last few years have been relied on importance of value creation through six capitals. Another capital that is intrinsic to creation of value is human, intellectual, natural and social relationship. Objective of such report is to provide performance information of companies to investors in an integrated way and providing more detailed information that are of particular interest (Stubbs and Higgins 2014). It can also provide analytic tool for exploring relationship between nonfinancial and financial using data from other sources and data provided by company along with comparing the performance of company with that of their competitors. There is a growing awareness among organizations of different countries as indicated by working group of international auditing and assurance board as they are seeking to broaden their base to provi de stakeholders with wide range of information (Haller and van Staden 2014). It has been ascertained by overview of feedback of IIRC companies internal system for handling integrated report is far less mature as against financial information. It has been claimed by some authors that integrated reporting represents a striking and new feature of corporate reporting concerning future relevance and value of such reporting. Advocating of integrated reporting is done in positive for re configuring and advancing legitimacy of corporate reporting by making use of interrelationship in their formulation. However, there are some critical issue facing such reporting standard in practice is its use by investors and sustainable demand. This has been consistent with claim that such reporting is designed for financial capital providers driven by prevailing market demand. Long-term orientation are adopted by companies in decision making process by practicing integrated reporting as it helps in attr acting long-term base of shareholders (Moolman et al. 2016). The platform was supported as it encompassed sustainability with attracting business value investors through long-term orientation. Nonetheless, serious concerns have been raised by conducting number of studies about presumed positioning of integrated reporting as a vehicle for conveying information and materiality to stakeholders. Moreover, it has been claimed that primary focus of IR is on creating investors value as against to creating value for society has led to abandoning sustainability accountability. Such reporting does not have any material interest to investors as the firms practicing such reporting process are not required to report about harms that are inflicted in entities. Due to lack of prescription in the framework of IR, agendas of reporting might get dominated by powerful entities. In order to facilitate a more meaningful sustainability reporting, there is a need for engaging vigorous sustainability techn iques. IR has the possibility of becoming legitimate practice by organizations due to its refection on capturing of business in spite of stakeholder and issues reconciliation (Macias and Farfan 2017). It is believed by supporters of IR that initiative has ability of changing norms and culture of reporting process. Investors and companies would be influenced in a way that repercussion of negative and positive externalities would be considered by them in association with operating decisions and corporate investment (Roth 2014). Quality of information and equity capital cost: The cost of equity capital is directly and indirectly influenced by financial information. A voluntary disclosure theory to non-financial information has been extended by researcher with increasing trend of supplementing non-financial with financial information. Negative relations have been documented between cost of equity capital and disclosures of corporate social responsibility and behaviors of investors to some extent are influenced by performance yield and disclosure of non-financial information. Capital allocation decisions of investors are changed based on informations that are contained in an integrated report. Organizations aligning their report within the framework of integrated reporting have been found to be associated with lower equity cost of capital. Organizations producing high quality of integrated report have the benefits of reduced equity capital cost. Investors are benefitted incrementally due to the platform of integrated reporting compared to current reporting framework (Stent and Dowler 2015). However, integrated reporting does not affect capital market as it intends to improve the environment of information of reporting companies. Sustainability reporting and integrated reporting: There exist strong relation between sustainability reporting and integrated reporting and GRI is considered as key driver in the process. One of the important aspects of performance of company is sustainability reporting and it forms a crucial part of integrated reporting. The core of integrated reporting is qualitative and quantitative non-financial information and importance of such information is provided by sustainability reporting. However, there are other views that do not link sustainability with integrated reporting as it is perceived that former is for stakeholders and latter is only for shareholders and investors. Implications of sustainability into integrated reporting would vary country by country resulting from factors such as difference in filing process and variations in regulations of respective countries. Trade off exist between value creation and sustainability performance of organization. In relation to this, economic performance of business and its impact on socie ty for sustaining its value in future should be the core part of integrated reporting. Users of reports are required to understand the terms as they are discursive and speculative in nature. In the context of emergence of integrated reporting, both sustainability and financial reporting have been subjected to misunderstanding (Owen 2013). It was believed that development of integrated reporting would replace sustainability reporting. However, measures of six capitals involved in integrated reporting present one of considerable challenge. For increasing level of familiarity associated with IR, it should be established more firmly with the financial and non financial users along with equity investors remit. It is required to clearly signaled to users of such report about corporate reporting uniqueness reflecting relevance of needs of capital, value creation, strategy and risks. Market benefits of IR are required to be established through lower risk premium and lower equity cost of capital. Greater incentives for companies to adopt IR would come by clearly establishing value relevance benefits. Buy side fund managers should be engaged at greater level for stimulating demand of long-term metrics of value creation by sell side analysts (Soyka 2013). Increased use and demand of IR would be facilitated a gradual shift towards an approach that is more rounded for making investment decisions. Respective views of equity analysts and fund managers have revealed that there were several benefits of integrated reporting. There were notable views on lack of familiarity with IR irrespective of various benefits. Several issues were faced by capital market participants regarding seeking information via such reporting standard. IR intends to explain to providers of financial capital and its relevance to equity market users was observed as clear divergence as it was short-term orientation that stemmed from behavior and culture of capital market (Trbucq and Magnaghi 2017). They viewed IR as remote as it focuses on short-term. Secondly, adopters of IR had lack of critical mass despite the support of institution in its constitutional phase. Challenges exist from buy side perspective in culture of market and it calls for increased need for external and internal disclosures. Another key challenge is faced in terms of lack of sufficiently disclosure and use of such reporting both with ext ernal clients and within organization. Fundamental challenge faced by IR comes from short-term and long-term orientation, incentives structure and culture of capital market (Melloni 2015). For IR becoming market driven and sustainable, it is essential that these challenges are met. Conclusion: Companies have been embracing integrated report in the past few years. The approach of integrated reporting comprising of non-financial and financial information brings to organization not only financial capital inside and outside organization but also natural and social capital. Integrated reporting phenomenon is making its mark for brining internal change within organization as well as a tool of external communication. In light of this, it is required by business practitioners and academics to continue working in tandem for analyzing they impact of this new approach of reporting on strategies of organization. There is requirement of explaining six capitals of IR in better way in an attempt to remove jargon that is associated with integrated reporting approach. Barriers to use and engagement with integrated reporting would disappear if users are able to understand capital. The challenge of culture of market needs to be overcome for realizing the potential of integrated reporting. Ac ross different sectors all around the world, integrated reporting is regarded as subject of much experimentation. Embedding together both financial and non financial informations depicts a more sophisticated interlayering of information to its users. References list: Adams, C.A., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a call to action. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 27, pp.23-28. Barboza, P., Vaillant, L., Mawudeku, A., Nelson, N.P., Hartley, D.M., Madoff, L.C., Linge, J.P., Collier, N., Brownstein, J.S., Yangarber, R. and Astagneau, P., 2013. Evaluation of epidemic intelligence systems integrated in the early alerting and reporting project for the detection of A/H5N1 influenza events. PLoS One, 8(3), p.e57252. Brown, J. and Dillard, J., 2014. Integrated reporting: On the need for broadening out and opening up. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(7), pp.1120-1156. Crowther, D., 2016. A social critique of corporate reporting: Semiotics and web-based integrated reporting. Routledge. de Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(7), pp.1042-1067. Dumay, J., Bernardi, C., Guthrie, J. and Demartini, P., 2016, September. Integrated reporting: a structured literature review. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 166-185). Elsevier. Flower, J., 2015. The international integrated reporting council: a story of failure. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 27, pp.1-17. Fras-Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez-Ariza, L. and Garca-Snchez, I.M., 2013. Is integrated reporting determined by a country's legal system? An exploratory study. Journal of cleaner production, 44, pp.45-55. Garca?Snchez, I.M. and Noguera?Gmez, L., 2017. Integrated Reporting and Stakeholder Engagement: The Effect on Information Asymmetry. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. Haller, A. and van Staden, C., 2014. The value added statementan appropriate instrument for Integrated Reporting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1190-1216. Higgins, C., Stubbs, W. and Love, T., 2014. Walking the talk (s): Organisational narratives of integrated reporting.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1090-1119. Macias, H.A. and Farfan-Lievano, A., 2017. Integrated reporting as a strategy for firm growth: Multiple case study in Colombia. Meditari Accountancy Research, (just-accepted), pp.00-00. Melloni, G., 2015. Intellectual capital disclosure in integrated reporting: an impression management analysis.Journal of Intellectual Capital,16(3), pp.661-680. Moolman, J., Oberholzer, M. and Steyn, M., 2016. The effect of integrated reporting on integrated thinking between risk, opportunity and strategy and the disclosure of risks and opportunities. Southern African Business Review, 20(1), pp.600-627. Owen, G., 2013. Integrated reporting: A review of developments and their implications for the accounting curriculum. Accounting Education, 22(4), pp.340-356. Roth, H.P., 2014. Is integrated reporting in the future?. The CPA Journal, 84(3), p.62. Soyka, P.A., 2013. The International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) integrated reporting framework: toward better sustainability reporting and (way) beyond. Environmental Quality Management, 23(2), pp.1-14. Stent, W. and Dowler, T., 2015. Early assessments of the gap between integrated reporting and current corporate reporting. Meditari Accountancy Research, 23(1), pp.92-117. Stubbs, W. and Higgins, C., 2014. Integrated reporting and internal mechanisms of change. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 27(7), pp.1068-1089. Trbucq, S. and Magnaghi, E., 2017. Using the EFQM excellence model for integrated reporting: A qualitative exploration and evaluation. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, pp.522-531. Van Staden, C. and Wild, S., 2013. Integrated reporting: An initial analysis of early reporters. In Massey University Accounting Research Seminar, Auckland Zhou, S., Simnett, R. and Green, W., 2017. Does integrated reporting matter to the capital market?. Abacus, 53(1), pp.94-132

The Potrayal of Nurse Ratched free essay sample

Nurse Ratched is portrayed as a devious mastermind of the ward; however, she herself is actually just a minion of the Combine. In many parts of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Bromden describes Ratched as being like a machine; her systematic scheming, and her name Ratched is similar to the word â€Å"ratchet†, which is a mechanical device. Because of this, Nurse Ratched must only be considered a small part of the patients suffering because she is only a mere tiny gear functioning in a large machine. Through Chief Bromden’s perspective, which parallels with Ken Kesey’s p oint of view about society, the Combine acts as the antagonist of the novel. Through Chief Bromden’s perspective, the Combine acts as the sole conformist antagonist of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. At the beginning of the novel, McMurphy solely ignites a social revolution amongst the patients. McMurphy challenges the function of the ward by encouraging the other patients to stand up for themselves by voicing their true opinions and desires. We will write a custom essay sample on The Potrayal of Nurse Ratched or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To exemplify how he is going to rebel against authority in the ward, McMurphy generates a bet with the others to see if he could emotionally crack the infamous Nurse Ratched, â€Å"You trust me to hold bets, buddies? † (69). To stick to his word, McMurphy deliberately goes out of his way to annoy the authority of the Combine. One morning, McMurphy uses his strong sexuality to belittle Nurse Ratched by making her feel uncomfortable through his masculinity, â€Å"You can’t run around here-in a towel! Get back in your dorm and get your clothes on this instant! † (87). From this, the patients gain an understanding for what McMurphy stands for, and are enlightened by his â€Å"non conformist† perspective. The patients of the ward, collectively, act as the protagonists of the novel. When McMurphy is admitted into the Combine, he motivates the patients to challenge authority at the ward. McMurphy provides the confidence to the rest of the patients to unconformity from the harsh, and strict policies at the ward. In order to watch the world series, the patients vote regarding changing their television time to the afternoon, â€Å"Everyone in favor of changing the television time to the afternoon, raise his hand,† (124). Eventually, the meeting is quickly adjourned by Big Nurse, and she disregards the patients desire to watch the World Series. To get back at her, when the big game is on air, the patients silently protest by watching a blank television â€Å"And we’re all sitting there, lined up in front of that blanked out TV set, watching the grey screen just like we could see the baseball game clear as day † (128). To challenge the conformity of the ward, the patients, in this case sit in front of the television when they are not permitted to by Big Nurse. As the novel continues, the patients begin to go to more severe measures to beat their burdening conformity of the Combine. At the ward, Dr. Spivey grants the patients permission to go on a fishing trip with each other. When all the patients signed up for the trip finally reach the docks, the captain of the boat does not let them on because he does not have a signed waiver filled out for them. When he leaves, McMurphy leads the rest onto the boat anyway â€Å"Pile in, crew, it’s all set! Gassed and ready and there’s bait and beer on board,† (206). Not only are the patients challenging the rules of the Combine, but they are also challenging the rules of their outside world. They display their non-conformist characteristics when they do not follow general authority. Breaking the law greatly parallels with Kesey’s negative point of view about the American government, and how it forces people to conform to something they are not. Kesey was also an advocate for abusing substances and self experimentation; as the patients get more and more successful in challenging the Combine, they gain magnificent amounts of confidence to abuse drugs. Kesey was a strong advocate for individualism and self discoveration. His writing portrays his opinion on how individuals â€Å"conform† by unconsciously falling to society’s needs. When this novel was written, society ostracized individuals who were thought to be abnormal or different, and because of this societal influence, people allowed themselves to become molded into what they thought was â€Å"normal†.

Enzyme lab report Essays

Enzyme lab report Essays Enzyme lab report Paper Enzyme lab report Paper Enzymes are catalysts which are chemical substances that reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to begin. All enzymes are all proteins or RNA molecules that speed up metabolic reactions and help to break down poisonous chemicals in the organisms body. An enzyme will only react if the enzyme fits well with the substrate, which is why they are similar to a lock and key. The substrate will bind to the enzyme at the active site and when this happens a slight change in the shape of the enzyme will occur. This change of shape binds the enzyme to shape of the substrate and then weakens the chemical bonds of the substrate. When this happens it produces the activation energy that is needed for a chemical reaction to take place. The enzyme will only bind correctly with the substrate if the environmental conditions are to their liking. They like to work at room temperature and at the neutral range of PH. After the reaction the enzymes are not destroyed or changed and can be reused. Activation energy is what is needed for many chemical reactions to take place and for most reactions the amount of activation energy is very high. Grafton 2012) and (Possibilities and Hops 2009) Hypothesis (sees): If extreme changes in temperature affect the enzyme, then lowering or raising the temperature by amounts far out of normal range will cause the enzyme to function incorrectly. If extreme changes to the pH level affect the enzyme, then lowering or raising the acidity or alkalinity by drastic amounts wil l cause the enzyme to not work correctly. Procedures: Get safety goggles and put them on. For the normal catalane activity first put some hydrogen peroxide into a clean test tube, and then use tweezers to put a small piece of chicken liver in the test tube. Then push the liver down into the hydrogen peroxide using a stirring rod, and watch the bubbles of oxygen being leased. This heated up the test tube which was another clue that this reaction was an exercising reaction. After observing this then get another clean test tube and hydrogen peroxide in it and add a small piece of liver and watch the reaction occur in this one too and give off a lot of oxygen bubbles as well. After this, pour the liquid into yet another clean test tube and think about what would happen if more liver was placed in this liquid. Place the liver into the liquid mixture of hydrogen peroxide and liver and the new mixture didnt fizz as much as with just the hydrogen peroxide and one thing of liver. The thought of what would happen when adding more liver to the mixture was correct because it was thought that the mixture would cause a smaller reaction and it did. If more hydrogen peroxide was then added to the liver from the previous steps then there would be a more gas releasing reaction than adding more liver. Test this and it was true that more hydrogen peroxide would cause a larger reaction. This proves that enzymes, such as chicken liver are reusable, while the substrates, such as hydrogen peroxide, are not. Next get four clean test tubes and put equal amounts of hydrogen peroxide in ACH and put a small piece of liver in one, a small piece of potato in another, the third a small piece of apple, and to the last one a small piece of carrot. After putting these in their respective test tubes, record the reaction rate of each substance in Table 1 and say that potato and liver were the only ones that contained catalane. Next part of the experiment was testing the effect of temperature on catalane. Put a piece of liver into the bottom of a clean test tube and then cover it with a small amount of distilled water and placed the test tube in a boiling water bath or five minutes, make sure to use the test tube holder when handling the hot test tube. Predict that that the boiling of the liver would not have a very big reaction, if one at all. Remove the test tube from the hot water bath and cool it, then pour out the water and added some hydrogen peroxide and see that there was no reaction, which meant the prediction was correct. After observing this, put equal amounts of liver into three clean test tubes and poured hydrogen peroxide in three other clean test tubes and then place one of each into an ice bath, room temperature water bath, and hot water bath. Then predict that the hot water bath and the ice water bath will have the smallest reactions because enzymes do not like to bind to their substrates when there are drastic temperature changes. After three minutes pour each test tube of hydrogen peroxide into its respective tube of liver and observe what happened. Record the reaction rates in Table 2, and then graph the estimated reaction rate as a function of temperature on Graph 1 . The prediction was right because the ice bath one barely reacted, the hot water one didnt at all, and the room temperature had the biggest reaction. Conclude that the optimum temperature or catalane is room temperature. The reaction for the cold water bath and hot water bath happened as it did because enzymes will not bind to their substrates when there are drastic changes to the environment. The last part of the experiment was testing the effect of pH on catalane. First add hydrogen peroxide to three clean test tubes. The first test tube had some hydrochloric acid added to it to get an acidic pH and the second test tube had a smaller amount of hydrochloric acid added to it than the first test tube along with some sodium hydroxide to obtain a neutral PH. Then the last test tube had ore sodium hydroxide than the second one and that gave it a basic PH. Then predict what would happen when the catalane reaction when placed in an acidic environment, a neutral environment, and a basic environment. Thought the acidic one would have no reaction, the neutral one would have the most reaction, and the basic one would have a rather small reaction. Next add a small piece of liver to each test tube and record the reaction rates in Table 3, and then make a graph of the reaction rates on Graph 2. The optimum pH on catalane is neutral. The effect of low pH is no reaction, neutral pH is a fairly good reaction, and basic H is a small reaction for enzyme activity, which means that the predictions were correct. Data and Observations: Table 1: Relative Reaction Rates of Catalane From Various Tissue Types Sample Rate of Enzyme Activity (0-5) Observations of Enzyme Activity Liver 4 Very many bubbles; quickly fizzes and for long time Potato 2 A few bubbles, so slightly fizzy Apple No activity, so no reaction Carrot Table 2: Relative Reaction Rates of Liver Catalane as a Function of Temperature Temperature co Little reaction, so few bubbles Room Temperature A lot of big bubbles building up 1 coo No reaction so there were no bubbles Table 3: Relative Reaction Rates of Liver Catalane as a Function of pH pH of Sample Acid No bubbles Neutral Quite a few bubbles Base A few bubbles Results and Discussion: From the tables and graphs filled with the data I collected by doing the lab I can draw some conclusions about what affects different changes in pH and temperature have on the reactions of enzymes. I learned that enzymes function the best when they are kept in their normal range of temperature and PH. Enzymes work the best at room temperature and at a neutral PH. Room temperature is the optimum temperature for enzymes, and I also learned that they like it better at CO than at ICC. The best pH for enzymes is neutral and the second best is basic and what they do not perform well at is acidic. So I concluded that enzymes do not like to function correctly unless they are at their optimum pH levels and temperatures, which is why they need to have a fairly stable environment to function in. This tells me that the cells I worked with can only function correctly when they are in a stable environment, with a room temperature and a neutral PH. Analysis: By analyzing the data I collected I can make a generalization about the activity of all enzymes. The generalization can make is that enzymes work more efficiently when they are in their normal range of temperature and pH, and not when there are drastic changes to their environments. This picture is courtesy of http://WV. . Mortimer. Co. K/enzymes/enzymes. HTML First the substrate will bind to the enzyme at the active site, and then the next step is that the enzyme will slightly change shape as the substrate binds to it. After this the enzyme conforms to the shape of the substrate and then the products are released which is the activation energy need to have a chemical action and to speed it up. When the heat produced by the reaction of the enzyme catalane and hydrogen peroxide occurs in living cells, it gives off the product of activation energy. This is needed for any chemical reaction to begin and the enzyme makes this to speed up the rate of reaction time. The conditions that I tested that slowed down or stopped the enzyme catalane were the raising or lowering in temperature or being placed in an acidic or basic location. These conditions resulted in the stopping or slowing down of the catalane because it was a drastic change from the enzymes normal environment which caused the enzyme and substrate to not bind correctly.

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